Withdrawal symptoms from opioids include which of the following?

Withdrawal symptoms from opioids are primarily associated with the body's reaction to the absence of these substances after prolonged use. Muscle cramps are a common symptom experienced as the body readjusts to functioning without opioids. This discomfort arises from increased muscle tension and pain as the central nervous system transitions back to its normal state.

In contrast, withdrawal symptoms typically do not include severe bradycardia, which is a slow heart rate often linked with opioid use rather than withdrawal. Pupillary constriction, commonly referred to as "miosis," is a characteristic effect of opioid use rather than withdrawal, where the opposite effect (dilation) is more commonly observed. Respiratory depression is a severe side effect of opioids during use, not withdrawal; during withdrawal, respiratory function may return to normal or even be hyperactive. Understanding these symptoms helps clarify the distinction between opioid effects during use and the physiological responses during withdrawal.